Different political systems
Morocco and Tunisia were French protectorates, Algeria had a different legal relationship to France, and Libya was an Italian colony.
Vichy and Fascist persecution
Jews faced exclusion from schools and professions, property restrictions, forced labor and internment.
Tunisia
German forces occupied Tunisia from November 1942 to May 1943 and imposed forced labor, hostage-taking and confiscation.
Libya
Italian racial laws, forced labor, expulsions and internment culminated for many in Giado, where disease and deprivation killed hundreds.
Regional context
The absence of a completed European-style extermination system across the whole region does not place North Africa outside Holocaust history.
Sources
This page draws on the institutional sources listed below.