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North Africa
Axis and Vichy persecution reached North African Jewish communities. Libya experienced Italian antisemitic policy and camps including Giado. Algeria and Morocco were subjected to Vichy anti-Jewish legislation. Germany occupied Tunisia from November 1942 to May 1943, and Jews were subjected to forced labor, confiscation and violence. North Africa should not be omitted simply because the geographic center of the Holocaust was Europe.
Sephardic communities
The Holocaust destroyed or transformed major Ladino-speaking Sephardic communities. Thessaloniki, one of the great Jewish centers of the Mediterranean, was devastated by deportation to Auschwitz. Sephardic histories also include communities in Yugoslavia, Rhodes, France, Italy and North Africa. Language, liturgy, schools, commerce, press and community institutions should be documented alongside persecution and murder.
Sources
This page is an educational synthesis based on the following sources. Consult the full sources for deeper research.