Before occupation
Lithuania supported strong Hebrew, Yiddish, religious and Zionist institutions. The Vilna region complicates border and census totals.
Mass shootings
After the German invasion in June 1941, pogroms and shootings expanded rapidly. Einsatzkommando 3 and identified Lithuanian auxiliary units participated.
Ghettos
Vilna, Kovno and Šiauliai became major ghettos and forced-labor centers before liquidation or transfer into the concentration-camp system.
Resistance
The FPO in Vilna, underground networks in Kovno and escape to partisan forests formed important strands of resistance.
Refugees before occupation
The Sugihara–Zwartendijk visa story belongs largely to 1939–1940, before German occupation.
Sources
This page draws on the institutional sources listed below.