Jewish life before Nazi rule
About 500,000–525,000 Jews lived in Germany in 1933, including long-established citizens, Orthodox and liberal communities, veterans, professionals, workers and immigrants.
Exclusion and dispossession
Nazi policy removed Jews from public employment, education and citizenship, restricted marriage and accelerated Aryanization and forced emigration.
November Pogrom
The November 1938 pogrom destroyed synagogues, homes and businesses and sent about 30,000 Jewish men to concentration camps.
Deportation
Beginning in 1941, German Jews were deported to ghettos, concentration camps and killing sites across occupied Europe.
After the war
Postwar history includes return, DP life, trials, restitution, reparations and differing East and West German memory.
Sources
This page draws on the institutional sources listed below.