Family networks
People shared food, money, documents, hiding places and information within families and communities.
Underground organization
Couriers, youth movements and rescue committees moved people, obtained false papers and connected ghettos with the outside world.
Children
Parents and networks placed children with families and institutions, often at enormous emotional cost.
Flight and borders
Self-rescue included legal emigration, clandestine border crossing, partisan escape, Beriha and Aliyah Bet.
Why the concept matters
A rescue narrative centered only on non-Jewish helpers can erase Jewish planning, risk-taking and mutual aid.
Sources
This page draws on the institutional sources listed below.